The U.S. embassy in Zambia has issued a public advisory warning its citizens about a newly enacted Zambian Cyber Law citing fears over its broad surveillance provisions. In an alert shared on social media, the embassy cautioned Americans living in or planning to visit Zambia that the law permits interception and monitoring of all electronic communications—including calls, emails, messages, and streaming content. According to the advisory, the Zambian Cyber Law vague definition of “critical information” could make nearly any digital interaction a potential target for surveillance.
The Zambian government has defended the Zambian Cyber Law, stating that the law aims to combat serious issues such as cyber fraud, child exploitation, and the spread of disinformation. In response to the U.S. warning, Zambia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement clarifying that the law does not support mass or arbitrary surveillance. It emphasized that any access to private communications must be sanctioned by a court-issued warrant and that national security remains the core focus behind the classification of “critical information.”
Domestic Backlash and Fears of Authoritarianism of Zambian Cyber Law
Despite the government’s reassurances, the legislation has triggered widespread concern among Zambians. Civil society organizations, journalists, and opposition politicians have condemned the law, viewing it as a potential tool for political repression. With national elections approaching, many fear that the law could be weaponized to silence dissent.
Joan Chirwa, founder of the Free Press Initiative Zambia, expressed alarm over the legislation’s reach. “It was a sad day for Zambia.” “This isn’t just about journalists or NGOs—it affects every citizen.” Critics are particularly disturbed by the creation of a new cyber-security unit within the president’s office, viewing it as a centralization of surveillance power.
The law grants law enforcement officers significant authority, including the right to search and seize computer systems with a warrant. It also allows for extradition of citizens accused of cyber offenses and prescribes penalties ranging from five to fifteen years in prison, depending on the severity of the violation. ICT companies are now required to proactively intercept all electronic communications, further intensifying concerns around digital privacy.
Zambian Cyber Law: Political Irony and International Reaction
The backlash has also highlighted a dramatic reversal in President Hakainde Hichilema’s stance. While in opposition in 2021, Hichilema criticized a similar bill proposed by the previous government, arguing it would erode freedom of expression. His decision to sign this law on April 8, 2025—without public consultation—has drawn accusations of hypocrisy.
Opposition lawmaker Miles Sampa questioned Hichilema’s change of position, accusing him of promoting a law that could severely restrict online freedom. He went as far as to suggest that the president was steering the country toward authoritarian rule.
Even international reactions have stirred debate. Civil rights activist Laura Miti criticized the U.S. embassy’s statement as hypocritical, pointing out America’s own surveillance controversies, notably the Edward Snowden revelations. Nonetheless, she condemned the law as “tyrannical,” arguing it reflects a government feeling threatened by public opinion.
As tensions grow domestically and internationally, the full impact of Zambia’s Cyber Security Act remains to be seen—but it has already ignited a national debate on privacy, freedom, and democratic accountability.
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